생명의 도약

닉 레인 지음, 김정은 옮김, 글항아리 출판

원제 : Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution, Nick Lane





제1장 생명의 기원

* 원시수프 (29) : primordial soup
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis

* 히로니뮈스 보스 (37) Hieronymus Bosch
15세기 네델란드 작가
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch

* 마이크 러셀 (40) : Mike Russell

* 무기세포 (44, 98, 101, 102, 105) : mineral cell
(교정) 무기세포 => 광물세포

* 막키나와이트 (44)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinawite

* 아틀란티스 고원 (44) : Atlantis massif
(교정) 고원 => 지괴
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Massif



* 로스트 시티 (45) : Lost City
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City_(hydrothermal_field)



* 존 줄리어스 노리치 (46) : John Julius Norwich
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich

* 빌 마틴 (53, 101, 178-179, 469, 477, 482) : Bill Martin
마이크 러셀과 공동 연구를 했음


제2장 DNA

* 이글 펍 (67, 78) : Eagle Pub
주소 : 8 Benet Street, Cambridge CB2 3QN, 영국
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_(pub)
명판은 이글퍼브의 입구 외부의 오른쪽에 붙여져 있음


* 제임스 왓슨 (67) : James Watson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson

(Youtube) James Watson: The double helix and today's DNA mysteries
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HgL5OFip-0

* 스닙스 (72. 73) : SNPs
=> (교정) 스닙스 =>스닙 ; s는 복수s 이므로 번역할 때는 표기하지 않는 것이 옳다.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism

* 크릭의 화가 아내 오딜 (76) : Odile Crick
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odile_Crick


* 왓슨은 1960년대에 슨 이중나선이라는 유명한 책을 통해 ~ (76)
And Watson's famous book, The Double Helix, written in the 1960s, painted a modern view of science. Indeed so influential was it that life probably began to imitate art. I, for one, read Watson's book at school and dreamt of Nobel prizes and seminal discoveries.

(참고)
Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imitating_art

* 1951년에 처음 케임브리지에 도착한 왓슨은 ~ (76)
When Watson first arrived in Cambridge in 1951, he was soon exasperated by the open-minded scepticism of Max Perutz and John Kendrew. For them, it had not yet been proved beyond reasonable doubt that genes were composed of DNA rather than proteins.

the open-minded scepticism 편견없는 회의

* 맥스 퍼루츠 (76)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Perutz

* 오즈왈드 에이버리 (77)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Avery

* 수비학적 (79, 83) : numerological
數秘學, numerology

* 전문용어로는 (79, 370) : technically
(교정) technically는 '기술적으로'라고 번역하는 것이 매끄럽다.

* Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature (85)
by Francis Crick


* 매트 리들리 (85)
As Matt Ridley put it, in his superb biography of Crick: "The subject matter raised not a few eyebrows. The great Crick writing about alien life forms seeding the universe from spacecraft? Had success gone to his head? "

cf. 그는 거만해졌다. He has a big head.(= He is gone to his head.)

* 유진 쿠닌 (100) : Eugene Koonin


제3장 광합성

* 프리모 레비 (119, 121, 128, 482) : Primo Levi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_Levi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_(book)

* Z 체계 (124) : Z scheme
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dependent_reactions


* 그림3.1 (125)


* 떠돌이 약장수 (127, 128, 145) : hustler
(교정) => 사기꾼, 야바위꾼

* 산소-발생 복합체 (128, 135, 147-148) : oxygen-evolving complex
(교정) 147페이지에서 '산소 함유 복합체'로 번역한 것은 번역자의 실수

* 빌 쇼프 (132-134) : Bill Schopf
(책) 생명 최초의 30억년 (93, 97, 166, 208, 223)
http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schopf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology

* 마틴 브레이져 (133-134) : Martin Brasier
(책) 생명 최초의 30억년 (94-96)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Brasier

* OEC (147)
http://www.mpibac.mpg.de/bac/mitarbeiter/Alumni/messinger/messinger_en.php

제4장 진핵세포

* 포드 둘리틀 (155) : Ford Doolittle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Doolittle

* Taking an axe to the Tree of Life (154)
http://www.dal.ca/news/2007/07/11/evolution.html

* 방산 (160) : radiation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation

* 세균 한마리는 채 이틀이 되지 않아 지구 전체의 무게와 맞먹는 집단으로 성장할 수 있다 (156)
http://microbiology.okstate.edu/faculty/demed2/Notes/Microbial%20growthdoc.html

* 칼 우즈 (168)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Woese


* 자리바꿈 유전자 (187-194) : jumping gene
(교정) 도약 유전자
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon


제5장 성

* 조지 버나드 쇼 (197)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw

* 조지 월드 (198) : George Wald
(교정) => 조지 발트
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wald

* 겸상적혈구빈혈증 (198) : sickle-cell anaemia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhatIs.html

* 벌새 (202) : hummingbird
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird
(Youtube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUEZkwJulBY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y14mXsSeCUY

* 담륜충 (206)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdelloidea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifer

* 새무얼 테일러 콜리지 (207) : Samuel Tayor Coleridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner

   The many men, so beautiful!
   And they all dead did lie;
   And a thousand thousand slimy things
   Lived on; and so did I.

* 아우구스트 바이스만 (211) : August Weismann
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Weismann

* 로널드 피셔 (212) : Ronald Fisher
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher

* 허먼 멀러 (213) : Hermann Muller
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller

* 멀러의 톱니바퀴 (214, 226) : Muller's ratchet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller's_ratchet

* 자연선택은 적자생존이 아니다 (236)
Natural selection isn't about 'the survival of the fittest', for survival counts for nothing if the fit fail to reproduce. Sex grants a huge head start to cloning, but has prevailed among almost all eukaryotes.


제6장 운동

* 이빨과 발톱을 피로 물들인 자연 (239) : Nature, red in tooth and claw
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baron_Tennyson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Memoriam_A.H.H.
http://theotherpages.org/poems/books/tennyson/tennyson04.html
http://www2.kongju.ac.kr/sgwoo/cyberlec/IntroEL/nature.htm

Another much-quoted phrase from the poem is "nature, red in tooth and claw," found in Canto 56, referring to humanity:

Who trusted God was love indeed
And love Creation's final law
Tho' Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shriek'd against his creed

* 미오신 (252) : myosin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction


* 휴 헉슬리 (253) : Hugh Huxley
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Huxley

* Physarum (264)
그림 6.3 황색망사먼지
(교정) 황색망사먼지 => 황색망사점균
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physarum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physarum_polycephalum
http://blog.daum.net/foodtox/8698688


* phalloidin (266-그림6.4)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalloidin
http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/content/110/10/3637.full.html

* 이는 모든 숨겨진 차이를 ~ (267)
(원문) Lacking the feeling that every hidden nuance has been teased out, every secret dimension made real, every potential fulflled.

* 모터 단백질 (269) : motor protein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_protein



(그림출처 : Myosin VI is a processive motor with a large step size)

* 노랫말없는 오페라 (272) : the libretto without music
(교정) => 음악없는 가사
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto

* 리스테리아균 (276) : Listeria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/Listeria.html

* 팀 미치슨 (277) : Tim Mitchison
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Mitchison


제7장 시각

* 리미카리스 엑소쿨라타 (289-296, 314) : Rimicaris exoculata
http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rimicaris
http://www.southernfriedscience.com/?tag=rimicaris-exoculata



* 로돕신 (291-292, 314-317, 320-326, 328-3310 : rhodopsin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin
Etymology: Gk, rhodon, rose, opsis, vision

* 떼를 이루지 않는 고독한 늑대처럼 (294) : as they are solitary beasts that don't swarm in such hordes
(교정) 늑대의 습성을 고려할 때, beasts를 늑대로 번역하는 것은 무리라고 봄

* 삼엽충 (305) : Dalmanitina socialis
http://conocoryphe.cannabiscup.cz/?page_id=436


* 능면체 (306)
그림 7.5 : Rhombic crystals of calcite, growing on paper smmeared with acidic proteins from mollusc shells, placed in a strong calcium carbonate solution.

* 크리스탈린 (310) : crystallin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_crystallin

* 아르침볼도 (330) : Arcimboldo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Arcimboldo


* dinoflagellate (331)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoflagellate


제8장 온혈성

* 귀가 없는 도마뱀 (338) : earless lizard
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earless_lizard
http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_cloeonyx.html?print=y


* 스테고사우르스 (339) : stegosaurus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosaurus

* 갈색지방 (348) : brown fat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_adipose_tissue

* 호기성 용량 (345) : aerobic capacity
(교정) => '유산소 능력'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max
http://www.marathon.pe.kr/pds/vo2max.html

* 조룡류 (351, 353, 356-358, 365) : archosaur
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur


* 리스트로사우루스 (351-352, 368 ) : Lystrosaurus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lystrosaurus


* 크리스토퍼 코키노스 (352)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Cokinos
http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/268/

As the American poet and naturalist Christopher Cokinos put it: 'Imagine waking up tomorrow, walking across the continents and finding, say, only squirrels.'

* 티라노사우루스 렉스 (353) : Tyrannosaurus rex
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus

* 내가 글을 쓰는 시점에서 ~ (354)
As I write, the latest in this long line of studies is also the most colourful, and relates to proteins rather than morphological traits.

* 깃털 (356) : feather
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather
http://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/feather-biology
http://sharon-taxonomy2009-p3.wikispaces.com/Chordata-Aves
http://www.transitionrig.com/feathers.htm





* 로렌초 알리바르디 (356)
According to Lorenzo Alibardi, a specialist in the evolutionary development of feathers at the University of Bologna, feathers grow from the same embryonic layers that are sloughed off when scales form. The embryonic scales elongate into tubular filaments, or barbs. These are hollow hair-like structures, with living walls formed from embryonic skin layers, which can sprout branches anywhere down their length. The simplest feathers, down feathers, are basically tufts of barbs attached to the same spot, whereas flight feathers are formed from barbs that fuse into a central rachis. The living walls of barbs lay down keratin before degenerating to uncover a branching structure composed of keratin: a feather. Not only do the growing feathers co-opt existing skin layers and proteins, but even the genes needed are found in crocodiles, and so presumably were present in their shared archosaurian ancestors. Only the developmental programmes changed. The close embryological relationship between feathers and scales is betrayed by the (very) odd mutation that causes scales to erupt into feathers, which sprout from the legs of birds. Nobody has found a feathered crocodile yet, though.

* 조금 놀랍다 (357)
(교정) => 놀랍지 않다
From this perspective, prototype feathers are virtually bursting to get out of the skin of even the earliest archosaurs, so it's little surprise that theropods began sprouting 'epidermal appendages'

* 기러기 (359) : goose
(주) 에베레스트산을 넘는다는 기러기는 bar-headed goose이다. 학명은 Ancer indicus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-headed_Goose


* 마중가톨루스 (362, 363-그림 8.2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majungasaurus


* 대부분의 생리학 논의는 역사적으로 허전한 곳에서 일어난다. 이런 곳에서는 (365)
Most discussions of physiology take place in a historical void: an unspoken
assumption that the past was the same as the present, selection pressures as
unchanging as gravity. But they are not, as the great extinctions attest.
(주)  오역

* 에메이산 트랩 (366) : Emeishan trap
아미산(峨尾山)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeishan_Traps
http://www.mantleplumes.org/Emeishan.html


* 전문용어로는 (370, 79) : technically
(교정) technically는 '기술적으로'라고 번역하는 것이 매끄럽다.

* 마니랍토란 (374) : maniraptora
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniraptora

* 팔카리우스 (374)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcarius

제9장 의식

* 줄리언 제임스 (383) : Julian Jaynes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Jaynes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_Consciousness_in_the_Breakdown_of_the_Bicameral_Mind

* 올리버 삭스 (389) : Oliver Sacks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Sacks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Mistook_His_Wife_for_a_Hat

Christopher Rawlence wrote the libretto for a chamber opera, directed by Michael Morris with music by Michael Nyman, based on the title story. 'The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat' was first produced by the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London in 1986.

* (390)
As the neurologist VS Ramachandran quips, even if you're not a good Jewish boy, seeing your mother makes your hands sweat.

* 누구나 40세가 넘으면 자신의 얼굴에 책임져야 한다 (402) : Every man over forty is responsible for his face.
(주) 몽테뉴가 한 말이 아니라, 아브라함 링컨이 한 말이네요.

An advisor to President Lincoln suggested a certain candidate for Lincoln’s cabinet. But Lincoln refused, saying, “I don’t like the man’s face.” “But sir, he can’t be responsible for his face,” insisted the advisor. “Every man over forty is responsible for his face,” replied Lincoln, and the subject was dropped.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln

* 위상 결속 (404) : phase-locking
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop


제10장 죽음

* 크로이소스 왕 (423)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia

* 티토노스 (424) : Tithonus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithonus

* 민물 송어 (425)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout

* 레스베라트롤 (449)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol



에필로그

* 제이콥 브르노우스키 (465)
http://abagond.wordpress.com/2009/04/08/jacob-bronowski-into-this-pond-were-flushed-the-ashes-of-some-four-million-people/

* (465)

I had not been long back from Hiroshima when I heard someone say, in Szilard’s presence, that it was the tragedy of scientists that their discoveries were used for destruction. Szilard replied, as he more than anyone else had the right to reply, that it was not the tragedy of scientists: it is the tragedy of mankind.

There are two parts to the human dilemma. One is the belief that the end justifies the means. That push-button philosophy, that deliberate deafness to suffering, has become the monster in the war machine. The other is the betrayal of the human spirit: the assertion of dogma that closes the mind, and turns a nation, a civilization, into a regiment of ghosts – obedient ghosts, or tortured ghosts.

It’s said that science will dehumanize people and turn them into numbers. That’s false, tragically false. Look for yourself. This is the concentration camp and crematorium at Auschwitz. This is where people were turned into numbers. Into this pond were flushed the ashes of some four million people. And that was not done by gas. It was done by arrogance, it was done by dogma, it was done by ignorance. When people believe that they have absolute knowledge, with no test in reality, this is how they behave. This is what men do when they aspire to the knowledge of gods.

Science is a very human form of knowledge. We are always at the brink of the known; we always feel forward for what is to be hoped. Every judgement in science stands on the edge of error and is personal. Science is a tribute to what we can know although we are fallible. In the end, the words were said by Oliver Cromwell: “I beseech you in the bowels of Christ: Think it possible you may be mistaken.”

I owe it as a scientist to my friend Leo Szilard, I owe it as a human being to the many members of my family who died here, to stand here as a survivor and a witness. We have to cure ourselves of the itch for absolute knowledge and power. We have to close the distance between the push-button order and the human act. We have to touch people.


참고

열수분출공
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent

http://www.nick-lane.net/About%20Life%20Ascending.htm
http://www.nick-lane.net/Life%20Ascending%20Chapter%208.htm