산소
닉 레인 지음, 양은주 옮김, 파스칼북스 출판, 2004년
원서 : Oxygen : The Molecule that made the world (2002) by Nick Lane
제1장 서론 생명의 영약, 그리고 죽음
* 산소
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
* 센디보기우스 (15) : Michael Sendivogius
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_S%C4%99dziw%C3%B3j
* 질산칼륨 (15)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate
http://nestofpnix.egloos.com/3852575
* 코르넬리우스 드레벨 (16) : Cornelius Drebbel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Drebbel
* 존 메이오 (17) : John Mayow
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayow
* 토머스 베도스 (19) : Thomas Beddoes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beddoes
* 오벌 커닝엄 (20) : Orval Cunningham
http://www.richmond-hyperbaric.com/history_of_hbot.html
http://www.clevelandareahistory.com/2010/02/giant-steel-sphere-used-to-treat.html
* 자유 라디칼 (27) : free radical
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-radical_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham_Harman
* (30)
Now think about sexes. Why should there be only two sexes? Why not one, or three, or many? The evolutionary origin of two sexes may have been a way of coping with oxygen. Babies can only be born young if they are born of two sexes, otherwise oxygen causes the birth of degenerate offspring, destined to age prematurely. This may explain why cloned animals tend to die young. Dolly the sheep, for example, already has arthritis at the age of five, betraying a 'real' age of eleven. Finally, think of powered flight. Birds and bats have exceptionally long lives. Why? Flying demands metabolic adaptations to oxygen that also confer a long lifespan. If we want to extend our own lifespan, we must look to the birds.
* (31)
THIS IS UNASHAMEDLY A BOOK ABOUT SCIENCE. It is far from a catalogue of dry facts about how the world works, but a book full of quirks, experiments, oddities, speculations, hypotheses and predictions. Science is often presented as facts, frequently in short sound-bites. The scientific method is described as a methodical unravelling of 'the truth', which I imagine must bore most people to tears. The impression that science gives access to an objective reality sets it up in opposition to religion as an ethical system and lends scientists an air of preaching. Too often scientific 'facts' turn out to be wrong or misleading - we are told that there is 'no risk' of a Frankensteinian disaster, only to see it come true before our eyes. At other times, scientists squabble about the meaning of obscure research findings, discrediting their colleagues in public. It is hardly surprising that the general public views science and scientists with growing scepticism. Apart from the unfortunate schism this opens up in society, it means that fewer young people dream of becoming scientists. This is a tragedy. I wonder if the tragedy might be averted to some extent if people had a better idea of the workings of science - of the fun, creativity and adventure.
제2장 태초에 산소의 기원과 중요성
* 로버트 버너 (48, 138, 141, 147) : Robert Berner
http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~berner/
* 미국 예일 대학의 지구 화학자 로버트 버너에 따르면 ~ (48)
The vast amount of dead organic matter buried in the rocks dwarfs the total carbon content of the living world. The Yale University geochemist Robert Berner estimates that there is 26000 times more carbon buried in the crust than is present in the entire living biosphere . Put another way, this means that the entire living world accounts for just 0.004 per cent of the organic carbon currently present on or in the Earth.
제3장 침묵의 시기 미생물 진화의 30억 년
* 스트로마톨라이트 (65, 88)
* 오클로 (78)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklo
* 천연원자로 (78)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
제4장 캄브리아 대폭발 눈덩이 지구와 최초의 동물들
* 눈덩이 지구 (93, 107) : snowball earth
* 버랭거 빙하기 (103, 108, 115) : Varanger Ice Age
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenian
* 덮개 탄산염 (107) : cap carbonate rock
캡 탄산염암
제5장 볼소버 잠자리 거대 생물들의 등장과 산소
* 볼소버 (125) : Bolsover, Derbyshire county
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover
* 루비스코 (131)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle
* (138-139)
(그림출처 : Berner, R. A., and Canfield, D. E., 1989, A new model for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time: American Journal of Science, v. 289, p. 333–361.)
* 사실과 무관한 과학 (139) : fact-free science
"I discuss below a particular example of a dynamic system 'Turing's morphogenetic waves' which gives rise to just the kind of structure that, as a biologist, I want to see. But first I must explain why I have a general feeling of unease when contemplating complex systems dynamics. Its devotees are practicing fact-free science. A fact for them is, at best, the output of a computer simulation: it is rarely a fact about the world.
(John Maynard Smith, "Life at the Edge of Chaos?," The New York Review of Books, March 2, 1995)
* 사중극자 질량 분석계 (140, 141) : quadrupole mass spectrometer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupole_mass_analyzer
* 책<생물학과 의학의 자유 라디칼> (166, 268) : Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 1999년 발행
저자 : 베리 할리웰, 존 거트리지
Barry Halliwell, John Gutteridge
제6장 공기의 배신 산소 독성과 엑스레이 피폭의 공통된 메카니즘
* 마리 퀴리 (169-174)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie
* 라듐 (172-174) : Radium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_Girls
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_jaw
http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2010/03/radium-girlsa-tragedy.html
* 펜턴 반응 (187) : Fenton reaction
* 로버트 멀리컨 (191) : Robert Mulliken
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken
* 단일항 산소 (192) : singlet oxygen
(또는) 일중항 산소
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram
* 8-히드록시디옥시구아노신 (197, 484) : 8-OHdG
* 데이노코쿠스 라이오두란스 (199-201) : Deinococcus radiodurans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans
제7장 초록색 별 방사선과 광합성의 진화
* LUCA (42, 69, 231-233, 261-262, 486, 495) : the last universal common ancestor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_universal_ancestor
A global view of his gene fusions appearance. Schematical representation of his gene fusion appearance and horizontal transfer. Abbreviations used: A, B, E correspond to Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, respectively. LUCA stands for the Last Universal Common Ancestor.
Fani et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007 7(Suppl 2):S4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-S2-S4
* 황화수소 (213) : hydrogen sulfide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide
* 아카리오클로리스 마리나 (216) : Acaryochloris marina
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaryochloris_marina
(그림출처 : nthony W.D. Larkum and Michael Kuhl, Chlorophyll d: the puzzle resolved, TRENDS in Plant Science Vol.10 No.8 August 2005)
* 미야시타 히데아키 (216)
Nature 383, 402 (03 October 1996); doi:10.1038/383402a0
Chlorophyll d as a major pigment
Hideaki Miyashita, Hisato Ikemoto, Norihide Kurano, Kyoko Adachi, Mitsuo Chihara & Shigetoh Miyachi
Marine Biotechnology Institute, Kamaishi Laboratories, Kamaishi, Iwate 026, Japan
Marine Biotechnology Institute, Shimizu Laboratories, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-19, Japan
Japanese Red Cross College of Nursing, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan Marine Biotechnology Institute, Kamaishi Laboratories Kamaishi, Iwate 026, Japan
Marine Biotechnology Institute, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan e-mail: miya@mb. sendai. infoweb. or.jp
* OEC (216, 225, 226, 487) : oxygen-evolving complex
이명 : water-splitting enzyme
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_evolving_complex
* 카탈라제 (219) : catalase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~vlpec/mn/Mn.html
A proposal for the catalytic cycle of Catalase based on the kinetics of hydrogen disproportionation of the two complexes.
* 제임스 캐스팅 (222) : James Kasting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kasting
* (223)
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 90, NO. D6, PP. 10,497-10,510, 1985
doi:10.1029/JD090iD06p10497
Oxidant Abundances in Rainwater and the Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen
James F. Kasting
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
Heinrich D. Holland
Department of Geological Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Joseph P. Pinto
Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
A one-dimensional photochemical model has been used to estimate the flux of dissolved hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and of other soluble species in rainwater as a function of atmospheric oxygen level. H2O2 should have replaced O2 as the dominant oxidant in rainwater at oxygen levels below 10−3–10−2 times the present atmospheric level (PAL). The exact value of pO2 at which H2O2 becomes more important than O2 depends on the abundance of trace gases such as CO, CH4, and NO. H2O2 was probably an important oxidant even in an O2-free atmosphere, provided that CO2 levels were significantly higher than today's. In model atmospheres containing free O2 the concentration of photochemically produced oxidants generally exceeds that of photochemically produced reductants. The oxidizing power of rainwater is therefore greater than that due to dissolved molecular O2 alone. The difference is small at present but becomes important at O2 levels less than 10−3 PAL. At O2 levels between 10−4 and 10−5 PAL the oxidizing power of rainwater is almost independent of pO2. Precambrian soils in which a part or all of the Fe2+ in their source rocks has been oxidized to Fe3+ could therefore have developed in the presence of an atmosphere with very low values of pO2. On the other hand, the upper limit for pO2 during early and mid-Precambrian time suggested by the incomplete oxidation of FeO in soils developed on basaltic rocks is affected only slightly by the presence of photochemical products in rainwater.
* 호세 카스트레사나 (228, 253, 255, 261)
* 마티 사라스테 (228, 253) : Matti Saraste
제8장 LUCA를 찾아서 산소 이전 시대의 마지막 조상
* 휘테커 (234)
* 스테롤로 (239)
* 콘스탄틴 메레스코프스카 (240)
* 홍색세균 (241)
* 칼 우스 (242) : Carl Woese
* 대들보 유전자 (244) : cantilever gene
* 고세균 (248) : archaea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea
* 파이롤로부스 퓨마리 (250) : Pyrolobus fumarii
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolobus_fumarii
* 설퍼로부스 아시도칼다리우스 (250) : Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolobus
* 시토크롬 산화효소 (253, 254, 255, 264) : Cytochrome c oxydase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase
* 클린턴 (256)
Q: "No improper relationship" – define what you mean by that.
A: Well, I think you know what it means. It means that there is not a sexual relationship, an improper sexual relationship, or any other kind of improper relationship.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/whatclintonsaid.htm
* 레그헤모글로빈 (257,,258, 260) : leghemoglobin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leghemoglobin
* 브래디리조비움 자포니카 (258)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyrhizobium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyrhizobium_japonicum
* 후 샤오빈 (260,261) : Hou Shaobin
http://www.hawaii.edu/microbiology/Alam/people/hou.html
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6769/full/403540a0.html
* 홀데인 (264)
제9장 패러독스의 초상 항산화제의 여러 측면과 비타민 C
*비타민 C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C
* 하루에 사과를 한 개씩 먹으면 의사가 필요 없다 (267)
* 존 거티리지와 배리 할리웰 (166, 268, 276)
* 케이티 코우 (269) : Kay-Tee Khaw
* 위리엄 포터 (270) : William Porter
* 라이너스 폴링 (270)
* 이완 캐머런 (273)
* 굴로노락톤 산화 효소 (275, 276)
* 자크 카르티에 (276) : Jacques Cartier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cartier
* 존 우달 (277)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodall
* 제임스 린드 (277)
* 쿡 선장 (278)
* 조지 버드 (278)
* 알베르트 센트디와르디 (279)
* 마크 레바인 (280, 295)
* 카르니틴 (283) : carnitine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine
* PAM (283)
* 호중성구 (284, 296, 297, 299, 300)
* 세바스찬 퍼데이야티 (295) : Sebastian Padayatty
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/174/7/937
*광역학 요법 (192, 295) : photodynamic therapy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy
* 글루타레독신 (297) : Glutaredoxin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaredoxin
제10장 항산화장치 산소와 더불어 살아가는 101가지 방법
* 세포바탕질 (312) : cytosol, cytosolic
세포질
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosol
* 헴 단백질 (306) : hemoprotein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemeprotein
* 어윈 프리도비치 (311) : Irwin Fridovich
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Fridovich
* 헤모쿠프레인 (311) : hemocuprein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase
* 연쇄 반응 차단 항산화제 (316, 317, 320) : chain-breaking antioxidant
* 리포산 (316) : lipoic acid
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoic_acid
* 요산 (317)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid
* 통풍 (317)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout
* OxyR (321)
GSSH/GSH, oxidized/reduced glutathione;
GorA, glutathione reductase;
GrxA, glutaredoxin A;
oxyS, regulatory RNA;
RNO, reactive nitrogen species;
ROS, reactive oxygen species;
TP, thiol peroxidase;
TR, thioredoxin 2
* Nrf-2 (321) : Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFE2L2
* 헴 옥시겐나제 (323) : heme oxygenase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMOX1
제11장 성과 신체 유지 노화와 진화에 존재하는 균형
* 길가메시 (329)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh
* 존 브링클리 (332)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Brinkley
* 반수체 (345) : haploid
* 과잉 (350) : redundancy
* 결백한 성세포 계열 ~ (350)
To preserve an uncorrupted germ line, a redundant part of the population is held out for selection, and only the best bits are ploughed back into the germ line. It seems that the nagging feeling of redundancy experienced by many men runs deep. This is not all. Redundancy is also behind the differentiation of cells into germ-line cells and somatic cells.
* 짚신벌레 (351) : Paramecium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium
http://101science.com/paramecium.htm
* 일회용 체세포 이론 (353) : disposable soma theory
http://www.programmed-aging.org/theories/disposable_soma.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing
제12장 음식과 성과 장수 먹지 않으면 영원히 살 것이다
* 조지 윌리엄스 (370) : George C. Williams
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Williams
* 상반 다면 발현 (370,-372, 430, 445, 441, 452) : antagonistic pleiotropy
길항적 다형질 발현(책:생명의도약, 439)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonistic_pleiotropy_hypothesis
* 헌팅턴병, 무도병 (370)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington's_disease
http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_5.htm
* 베네수엘라 마라카이보 호수 (370)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo
* 마리아 콘셉시온 (370) : Maria Concepcion
"pueblos de agua" (villages in the lake"), Laguneta 에 거주
* daf-2, daf-16 (376-380)
( 그림출처 : Warren S. Browner, MD, MPH et al,The Genetics of Human Longevity)
Signalling begins with the binding of an INS to an appropriate receptor which induces receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain. Mice and other mammals have
three ligands (insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2), whereas worms have 38 ligands and flies have seven ligands identified so far. In contrast, worms and flies have one receptor, whereas mice have three which additionally can form heterodimers. The signal is then transduced either directly from the receptor (in worms and flies) or indirectly via the IRS (in worms, flies and mice) to PI3K (or AGE-1 in worms). Worms and flies have a single IRS, whereas mice encode four (IRS-1–IRS-4). PI3K converts PIP2 [phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-biphosphate] into the second messenger PIP3 [phosphatidylinositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate], and this activity is antagonized by the PTEN phosphatase (DAF-18 in worms). Elevated levels of PIP3 result in activation of PKB and PDK, and PDK then further phosphorylates PKB, fully activating it. Flies have a single PKB, whereas worms have Akt 1, Akt 2 and SGK-1 (serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase-1), and mice have Akt 1, Akt 2 and Akt 3. Activated PKB phosphorylates the forkhead transcription factor (Forkhead TF) resulting in its exclusion from the nucleus, and thus its inactivation. Worms and flies contain a single forkhead transcription factor (DAF-16 and FOXO respectively), whereas mice contain three [FKHR (Forkhead homologue 1), FKHRL1 (FKHR-like 1) and AFX (FOXO 4)]. Species-specific names for each pathway component and whether they are singly or multiply encoded are indicated in the Figure.
(그림출처 : Biochem. J. (2009) 418, 1–12. doi:10.1042/BJ20082102 "Insulin/IGF-like signalling, the central nervous system and aging", Susan BROUGHTON and Linda PARTRIDGE)
* 난쟁이 쥐 (381) : "Ames Dwarf" mice
http://johnbarban.com/life-extension-living-longer-and-smaller/
* 나우루 섬 (382)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano
* 피마 인디언 (382) : native Amerecan Pima
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_people
* 절약 유전자형 (383)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrifty_phenotype
* 락토스 (385)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose
* 락타제 (385)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactase
* 락토스 과민성 (385)
락토스 불내증
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance
제13장 암수의 존재 이유 대사 속도와 성의 필요성
* 구스타보 바르하 (392) : Gustavo Barja
Family name: Barja de Quiroga, Losada
First name: Gustavo
SEX: Male
IDI : 50.673.515 Born: 17-8-1955
Doctor in Biological Sciences.
Position: Titular Professor of Physiology. Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid
(UCM), Spain.
(논문)
Mitochondrial Free Radical Production and Aging in Mammals and Birds
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09905.x/abstract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid
* 멀러의 톱니바퀴 (423)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller's_ratchet
* 희석 배수 (425) : dilution factor
Aliquot: a measured sub-volume of original sample.
Diluent: material with which the sample is diluted
Dilution factor (DF): ratio of final volume/aliquot volume (final volume = aliquot + diluent)
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/labs/microbiology/dilutions.htm
* 성정체성 파괴자 (426) : gender bender
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_bender
젠더는 영어로 Gender Changer(또는 Gender Bender)를 줄여서 쓰는 상품명으로 암수 커넥터를 같은 암 커넥터 또는 같은 수 커넥터끼리 연결하기 위해 그 사이에 넣어 사용하는 반대 모양의 커넥터를 말한다.
제14장 유전자와 운명 노화와 질병의 극복
* 오이디푸스 (433)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_complex
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocasta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oedipus_the_King
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiresias
* 티레시아스 " 아아, 지혜가 아무런 쓸모도 없을 때, 안다는 것은 얼마나 무서운 일인가!"(435)
A.
B.
* 캬뷰레타 (436)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor
http://blog.atvmagonline.com/2009/03/05/fuel-injection-killed-the-carburetor-star/
* 혈우병 (436) : 血友病 haemophilia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilia_A
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_VIII
* 탈라세미아 (438, 499)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassemia
* ApoE (444)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E
http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTX038956.html
* '이중 인자' 이론 (453, 454, 459, 478, 497) : double-agent theory
* 최종 당산화물 (AGEs) (475) : advanced glycation end-products
=> (교정) 최종 당화산물
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycation
제15장 삶과 죽음의 산소 진화에서 얻은 노화에 대한 교훈
* 브라이언 그린우드 (500)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Greenwood
* 다나카 마사시 (509)
田中 雅嗣
タナカ マサシ Tanaka, Masashi
2011年 현재 東京都健康長寿医療センター研究所
http://kaken.nii.ac.jp/d/r/60155166
http://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/p/10832009
* Mt5178A 미토콘드리아 변형 유전자 (509)
Mitochondrial DNA 5178 adenine/cytosine (mt5178 A/C) polymorphism, also known as NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 237 methionine/leucine (ND2-237 Met/Leu) polymorphism, is one of the longevity-associated mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. Tanaka et al. (1998; 2000) showed that the frequency of mt5178A was significantly higher in Japanese centenarians than in the general population, and that individuals with mt5178C were more susceptible to adult-onset diseases than those with mt5178A.
* NADH dehydrogensae (511)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase
참고
http://doctorvitamin-c.co.kr/ 이왕재 서울대 의대 해부학교실 교수
(oxygen 원문)
http://www.nick-lane.net/Oxygen%20chapter%20extracts.htm
http://www.nick-lane.net/Extract%20chapter%201.html
http://www.nick-lane.net/Extract%20chapter%205.html
http://www.nick-lane.net/Extract%20chapter%208.html
http://www.nick-lane.net/Extract%20chapter%2014.html
(다면발현)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy
http://www.aics-research.com/research/pleiotropy.html
(자유라디칼)
http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/25/977.htm
http://urparamount.com/articles/UnderstandingAlkaline/understanding-alkaline-ionized-water.html
http://k.daum.net/qna/view.html?qid=0D6dX
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide
http://www.slideshare.net/guest371c9f/free-radicals
(그림)
3장 그림1: 지질연표---51
3장 그림2: 지질연표---79
4장-그림3:탄소동위원소의 변화---108
4장-그림4:지질연표---118
5장-그림5:현생대 대기 구성의 변화---135
5장-그림6:단각목---163
6장-그림7:자유라디칼---178
6장-그림8:산소분자의 오비탈---193
8장-그림9:리보솜 RNA구조---246
8장-그림10:생명의 나무---247
13장-그림11:미토콘드리아에서 누출되는 과산화수소의 양---392
14장-그림12:노화의 이중인자 이론---453
15장-그림13:대사작용과 생식 사이의 원시적 관계---496
(Jacob Bronowski)
http://abagond.wordpress.com/2009/04/08/jacob-bronowski-into-this-pond-were-flushed-the-ashes-of-some-four-million-people/
(그림출처 : The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging: A Critical View)
